HLT362 Full Course latest 2018 January

HLT362 Week 1 Discussion 1 & 2 latest 2018 January

dq 1

How can graphics and/or statistics be used to misrepresent data? Where have you seen this done?

dq 2

Explain each sampling technique discussed in the "Visual Learner: Statistics" in your own words, and give examples of when each technique would be appropriate.

HLT362 Week 2 Discussion 1 & 2 latest 2018 January

dq 1

Explain the importance of random sampling. What problems/limitations could prevent a truly random sampling and how can they be prevented?

dq 2

Explain each sampling technique discussed in the "Visual Learner: Statistics" in your own words, and give examples of when each technique would be appropriate.

HLT362 Week 3 Discussion 1 & 2 latest 2018 January

dq 1

Explain when a z-test would be appropriate over a t-test.

dq 2

Researchers routinely choose an alpha level of 0.05 for testing their hypotheses. What are some experiments for which you might want a lower alpha level (e.g., 0.01)? What are some situations in which you might accept a higher level (e.g., 0.1)?

HLT362 Week 4 Discussion 1 & 2 latest 2018 January

dq 1

How would you explain the analysis of variance, assuming that your audience has not had a statistics class before?

dq 2

What is an interaction? Describe an example and identify the variables within your population (work, social, academic, etc.) for which you might expect interactions?

HLT362 Week 5 Discussion 1 & 2 latest 2018 January

dq 1

Describe the error in the conclusion. Given: There is a linear correlation between the number of cigarettes smoked and the pulse rate. As the number of cigarettes increases the pulse rate increases. Conclusion: Cigarettes cause the pulse rate to increase.

dq 2

Now that you are familiar with the basic concepts of statistics, what are some examples of when you have seen or heard statistics used inappropriately?

HLT362 Week 1 Exercise 27 latest 2018 January

Details:

Use MS Word to complete "Questions to be Graded: Exercise 27" in Statistics for Nursing Research: A Workbook for Evidence-Based Practice. Submit your work in SPSS by copying the output and pasting into the Word document. In addition to the SPSS output, please include explanations of the results where appropriate.

1. What is the mean age of the sample data?

2. What percentage of patients never used tobacco?

3. What is the standard deviation for age?

4. Are there outliers among the values of age? Provide a rationale for your answer.

5. What is the range of age values? Name:

6. What percentage of patients were taking in?iximab?

7. What percentage of patients had rheumatoid arthritis as their primary diagnosis?

8. What percentage of patients had irritable bowel syndrome as their primary diagnosis?

9. What is the 95% CI for age?

10. What percentage of patients had psoriatic arthritis as their primary diagnosis?

HLT362 Week 1 Exercise 6,8 & 9 latest 2018 January

Details:
Complete Exercises 6, 8, and 9 in Statistics for Nursing Research: A Workbook for Evidence-Based Practice,and submit as directed by the instructor.

1. What are the frequency and percentage of the COPD patients in the severe air?ow limitation group who are employed in the Eckerblad et al. (2014) study?

2. What percentage of the total sample is retired? What percentage of the total sample is on sick leave?

3. What is the total sample size of this study? What frequency and percentage of the total sample were still employed? Show your calculations and round your answer to the nearest whole percent.

4. What is the total percentage of the sample with a smoking history—either still smoking or former smokers? Is the smoking history for study participants clinically important? Provide a rationale for your answer.

5.What are pack years of smoking? Is there a signi?cant difference between the moderate and severe air?ow limitation groups regarding pack years of smoking? Provide a rationale for your answer.

6 What were the four most common psychological symptoms reported by this sample of patients with COPD? What percentage of these subjects experienced these symptoms? Was there a signi?cant difference between the moderate and severe air?ow limitation

groups for psychological symptoms?

7 What frequency and percentage of the total sample used short-acting ? 2 -agonists? Show your calculations and round to the nearest whole percent.

Is there a signi?cant difference between the moderate and severe air?ow limitation groups regarding the use of short-acting ? 2 -agonists? Provide a rationale for your

8. answer.

9. Was the percentage of COPD patients with moderate and severe air?ow limitation using short-acting ? 2 -agonists what you expected? Provide a rationale with documentation for your answer.

10. Are these ?ndings ready for use in practice? Provide a rationale for your answer.

Yes. This because they are giving a pure insight on how the information on the ground is. The tabulation and grouping of data according to the severity of airflow is the best as one can be able to analyses and statistically determine the course of action among the patients.

EXERCISE 8

1. The number of nursing students enrolled in a particular nursing program between the years of 2010 and 2016, respectively, were 563, 593, 606, 520, 563, 610, and 577. Determine the mean (X), median (MD ), and mode of the number of the nursing students enrolled in this program. Show your calculations

2. What is the mode for the variable inpatient complications in Table 2 of the Winkler et al. (2014) study? What percentage of the study participants had this complication?

3 Does the distribution of inpatient complications have a single mode, or is this distribution bimodal or multimodal? Provide a rationale for your answer.

4. As reported in Table 1 , what are the three most common cardiovascular medical history events in this study, and why is it clinically important to know the frequency of these events?

5. What are the mean and median lengths of stay (LOS) for the study participants?

6. Are the mean and median for LOS similar or different? What might this indicate about the distribution of the sample? Provide a rationale for your answer.

7. Examine the study results and determine the mode for arrhythmias experienced by the partici-pants. What was the second most common arrhythmia in this sample?

8. Was the most common arrhythmia in Question 7 related to LOS? Was this result statistically signi?cant? Provide a rationale for your answer.

9. What study variables were independently predictive of the 50 premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) per hour in this study?

10. In Table 1 , what race is the mode for this sample? Should these study ?ndings be generalized to American Indians with ACS? Provide a rationale for your answer.

EXERCISE 9

1. What were the name and type of measurement method used to measure Caring Practices in the Roch, Dubois, and Clarke (2014) study?

2. The data collected with the scale identi?ed in Questions 1 were at what level of measurement? Provide a rationale for your answer.

3. What were the subscales included in the CNPISS used to measure RNs ’ perceptions of their Caring Practices? Do these subscales seem relevant? Document your answer.

4. Which subscale for Caring Practices had the lowest mean? What does this result indicate?

5. What were the dispersion results for the Relational Care subscale of the Caring Practices in Table 2? What do these results indicate?

6. Which subscale of Caring Practices has the lowest dispersion or variation of scores? Provide a rationale for your answer.

7. Which subscale of Caring Practices had the highest mean? What do these results indicate?

8. Compare the Overall rating for Organizational Climate with the Overall rating of Caring Practices. What do these results indicate?

9. The response rate for the survey in this study was 45%. Is this a study strength or limitation? Provide a rationale for your answer.

10. What conclusions did the researchers make regarding the caring practices of the nurses in this study? How might these results affect your practice?

HLT362 Week 2 Exercise26 latest 2018 January

Details:

Use MS Word to complete "Questions to be Graded: Exercise 26" in Statistics for Nursing Research: A Workbook for Evidence-Based Practice. Submit your work in SPSS by copying the output and pasting into the Word document. In addition to the SPSS output, please include explanations of the results where appropriate.

1. How would you characterize the kurtosis of the distribution in Question 4—leptokurtic, mesokurtic, or platykurtic? Provide a rationale for your answer.

4. Plot the frequency distribution for “Years of Education” by hand or by using SPSS.

2. Compare the original skewness statistic and Shapiro-Wilk statistic with those of the smaller dataset (n = 15) for the variable “Age at First Arrest.” How did the statistics change, and how would you explain these differences?

3. How would you characterize the skewness of the distribution in Question 1—positively skewed, negatively skewed, or approximately normal? Provide a rationale for your answer.

4. Plot the frequency distribution for “Age at Enrollment” by hand or by using SPSS.

5. What is the skewness statistic for “Age at Enrollment”? How would you characterize the magnitude of the skewness statistic for “Age at Enrollment”?

6. What is the kurtosis statistic for “Years of Education”? How would you characterize the magnitude of the kurtosis statistic for “Years of Education”?

7. Using SPSS, compute the Shapiro-Wilk statistic for “Number of Times Fired from Job.” What would you conclude from the results?

8. In the SPSS output table titled “Tests of Normality,” the Shapiro-Wilk statistic is reported along with the Kolmogorov-Smirnov statistic. Why is the Kolmogorov-Smirnov statistic inappropriate to report for these example data?

9.How would you explain the skewness statistic for a particular frequency distribution being low and the Shapiro-Wilk statistic still being signi?cant at p < 0.05?

HLT362 Week 2 Exercise 10 latest 2018 January

Details:

Complete Exercise 10 in Statistics for Nursing Research: A Workbook for Evidence-Based Practice,and submit as directed by the instructor.

1. What statistics were calculated to describe body mass index (BMI) in this study? Were these appropriate? Provide a rationale for your answer.

2. Were the distributions of scores for BMI similar for the intervention and control groups? Provide a rationale for your answer.

3. Was there a signi?cant difference in BMI between the intervention and control groups? Provide a rationale for your answer.

. Based on the sample size of N = 41, what frequency and percentage of the sample smoked? What frequency and percentage of the sample were non-drinkers (alcohol)? Show your

calculations and round to the nearest whole percent.

4. What measurement method was used to measure the bone mineral density (BMD) for the study participants? Discuss the quality of this measurement method and document your response.

5. What statistic was calculated to determine differences between the intervention and control groups for the lumbar and femur neck BMDs? Were the group’s signi?cantly different for BMDs?

The researchers stated that there were no signi?cant differences in the baseline

6. characteristics of the intervention and control groups (see Table 2 ). Are these groups heterogeneous or homo-geneous at the beginning of the study? Why is this important in testing the effectiveness of the therapeutic lifestyle modi?cation (TLM) program?

7. Oh et al. (2014, p. 296) stated that “the adherence rate to the TLM program was 99.6%.” Discuss the importance of intervention adherence, and document your response.

8.Was the sample for this study adequately described? Provide a rationale for your answer.

HLT362 Week 3 Exercise 31 & 32 latest 2018 January

Details:

Use MS Word to complete "Questions to be Graded: Exercises 31 and 32" in Statistics for Nursing Research: A Workbook for Evidence-Based Practice. Submit your work in SPSS by copying the output and pasting into the Word document. In addition to the SPSS output, please include explanations of the results where appropriate.

Exercise 31

1. Do the example data meet the assumptions for the independent samples t -test? Provide a rationale for your answer

2. If calculating by hand, draw the frequency distributions of the dependent variable, wages earned. What is the shape of the distribution? If using SPSS, what is the result of the Shapiro-Wilk test of normality for the dependent variable?

3. What are the means for two group’s wages earned?

4. What is the independent samples t -test value?

5. Is the t -test significant at a = 0.05? Specify how you arrived at your answer.

6. If using SPSS, what is the exact likelihood of obtaining a t -test value at least as extreme or as close to the one that was actually observed, assuming that the null hypothesis is true?

7. Which group earned the most money post-treatment?

8. Write your interpretation of the results as you would in an APA-formatted journal.

9. What do the results indicate regarding the impact of the supported employment vocational rehabilitation on wages earned?

10. Was the sample size adequate to detect signi?cant differences between the two groups in this example? Provide a rationale for your answer.

Exercise 32

Do the example data meet the assumptions for the paired samples t -test?

1.If calculating by hand, draw the frequency distributions of the two variables. What are the shapes of the distributions? If using SPSS, what are the results of the Shapiro-Wilk tests of normality for the two variables?

2.What are the means for the baseline and posttreatment affective distress scores, respectively?

3.What is the paired samples t -test value?

4. Is the t -test signi?cant at ? = 0.05? Specify how you arrived at your answer.

6. If using SPSS, what is the exact likelihood of obtaining a t- test value at least as extreme as or as close to the one that was actually observed, assuming that

the null hypothesis is true?

7. On average, did the affective distress scores improve or deteriorate over time? Provide a rationale for your answer.

8. Write your interpretation of the results as you would in an APA-formatted journal.

9.emotional distress levels?

What do the results indicate regarding the impact of the rehabilitation on

10.What are the weaknesses of the design in this example?

HLT362 Week 3 Exercise 16 & 17 latest 2018 January

Details:

Complete Exercises 16 and 17 in Statistics for Nursing Research: A Workbook for Evidence-Based Practice,and submit as directed by the instructor.

Exercises 16

What do degrees of freedom (df ) mean? Canbulat et al. (2015) did not provide the df s in their study. Why is it important to know the df for a t ratio? Using the df formula,

1. calculate the df for this study.

What are the means and standard deviations (SD s) for age for the Buzzy intervention and control groups? What statistical analysis is conducted to determine the difference in means for age for the two groups? Was this an appropriate analysis technique? Provide a

2. rationale for your answer.

3. What are the t value and p value for age? What do these results mean?

4. What are the assumptions for conducting the independent samples t -test?

5. Are the groups in this study independent or dependent? Provide a rationale for your answer.

What is the null hypothesis for procedural self-reported pain measured with the Wong Baker Faces Scale (WBFS) for the two groups? Was this null hypothesis accepted or rejected in this study? Provide a rationale for your answer

6. Should a Bonferroni procedure be conducted in this study? Provide a rationale for your answer.

8. What variable has a result of t = ? 6.135, p = 0.000? What does the result mean?

9. In your opinion, is it an expected or unexpected ?nding that both t values on Table 2 were found to be statistically signi?cant. Provide a rationale for your answer.

10. Describe one potential clinical bene?t for pediatric patients to receive the Buzzy intervention that combined cold and vibration during IV insertion.

EXERCISE 17

1. What are the assumptions for conducting a paired or dependent samples t -test in a study? Which of these assumptions do you think were met by the Lindseth et al. (2014) study?

2. In the introduction, Lindseth et al. (2014) described a “2-week washout between diets.” What does this mean? Why is this important?

What is the paired t -test value for mood (irritability) between the participants’ consumption of high- versus low-aspartame diets? Is this result statistically signi?cant?

3. State the null hypothesis for mood (irritability) that was tested in this study. Was this hypothesis accepted or rejected? Provide a rationale for your answer.

4. Which t value in Table 2 represents the greatest relative or standardized difference between the high- and low-aspartame diets? Is this t value statistically signi?cant? Provide a rationale for your answer.

6.Discuss why the larger t values are more likely to be statistically signi?cant.

7. Discuss the meaning of the results regarding depression for this study. What is the clinical importance of this result?

8. What is the smallest, paired t -test value in Table 2? Why do you think the smaller t values are not statistically signi?cant?

9. Discuss the clinical importance of these study results about the consumption of aspartame. Document your answer with a relevant source.

10. Are these study ?ndings related to the consumption of high- and low-aspartame diets ready for implementation in practice? Provide a rationale for your answer.

HLT362 Week 4 Exercise 33 latest 2018 January

EXERCISE 33

1. Do the data meet criteria for homogeneity of variance? Provide a rationale for your answer.

2. If calculating by hand, draw the frequency distribution of the dependent variable, hours worked at a job. What is the shape of the distribution? If using SPSS, what is the result of the Shapiro-Wilk test of normality for the dependent variable?

3. What are the means for three groups ’ hours worked on a job?

4. What are the F value and the group and error df for this set of data? sis of Variance (ANOVA) and Post Hoc Analyses Following ANOVA.

5. Is the F signi?cant at ? = 0.05? Specify how you arrived at your answer.

6. If using SPSS, what is the exact likelihood of obtaining an F value at least as extreme as or as close to the one that was actually observed, assuming that the null hypothesis is true?

7. Which group worked the most weekly job hours post-treatment? Provide a rationale for your answer.

8. Write your interpretation of the results as you would in an APA-formatted journal.

9. Is there a difference in your ?nal interpretation when comparing the results of the LSD post hoc test versus Tukey HSD test? Provide a rationale for your answer.

10. If the researcher decided to combine the two Treatment as Usual groups to represent an overall “Control” group, then there would be two groups to compare: Supported Employment versus Control. What would be the appropriate statistic to address the difference in hours worked between the two groups? Provide a rationale for your answer.

HLT362 Week 4 Exercise 18 latest 2018 January

EXERCISE 18

1. et al. (2014) do not provide the degrees of freedom ( df ) in their study. Use the degrees of freedom formulas provided at the beginning of this exercise to calculate the group df and the error df.

2. What is the F value and p value for spiritual need—patient? What do these results mean?

3.What is the post hoc result for facilities for the hospital with LCP vs. the hospital without LCP (see Table 2 )? Is this result statistically signi?cant? In your opinion, is this an expected ?nding?

3. What are the assumptions for use of ANOVA?

5. What variable on Table 3 has the result F = 10.6, p < 0.0001? What does the result mean?

6.ANOVA was used for analysis by s et al. (2014) . Would t -tests have also been appropriate? Provide a rationale for your answer.

7. What type of post hoc analysis was performed? Is the post hoc analysis performed more or less conservative than the Scheffé test?

8. State the null hypothesis for care for the three study groups (see Table 2 ). Should the null hypothesis be accepted or rejected? Provide a rationale for your answer.

9. What are the post hoc results for care? Which results are statistically signi?cant? What do the results mean?

10. In your opinion, do the study ?ndings presented in Tables 2 and 3 have implications for end of life care? Provide a rationale for your answer.

HLT362 Week 5 Exercise 14 & 19 latest 2018 January

EXERCISE 14

1. According to the study narrative and Figure 1 in the Flannigan et al. (2014) study, does the APLS UK formula under- or overestimate the weight of children younger than 1 year of age? Provide a rationale for your answer.

2. Using the values a = 3.161 and b = 0.502 with the novel formula in Figure 1, what is the predicted weight in kilograms (kg) for a child at 9 months of age? Show your calculations.

3. Using the values a = 3.161 and b = 0.502 with the novel formula in Figure 1, what is the predicted weight in kilograms for a child at 2 months of age? Show your calculations.

4. In Figure 2, the formula for calculating y (weight in kg) is Weight in kg = (0.176 × Age in months) + 7.241. Identify the y intercept and the slope in this formula.

5. Using the values a = 7.241 and b = 0.176 with the novel formula in Figure 2, what is the predicted weight in kilograms for a child 3 years of age? Show your calculations.

6. Using the values a = 7.241 and b = 0.176 with the novel formula in Figure 2, what is the predicted weight in kilograms for a child 5 years of age? Show your calculations.

In Figure 3, some of the actual mean weights represented by blue line with squares are above the dotted straight line for the novel formula, but others are below the straight line.

7. Is this an expected ?nding? Provide a rationale for your answer.

8. In Figure 3 , the novel formula is (weight in kilograms = (0.331 × Age in months) ? 6.868. What is the predicted weight in kilograms for a child 10 years old? Show your calculations.

9. Was the sample size of this study adequate for conducting simple linear regression? Provide a rationale for your answer.

10. Describe one potential clinical advantage and one potential clinical problem with using the three novel formulas presented in Figures 1, 2, and 3 in a PICU setting.

EXERCISE 19

1. According to the relevant study results section of the Darling-Fisher et al. (2014) study, what categories are reported to be statistically signi?cant?

2. What level of measurement is appropriate for calculating the ? 2 statistic? Give two examples from Table 2 of demographic variables measured at the level appropriate for ? 2

3. What is the ? 2 for U.S. practice region? Is the ? 2 value statistically signi?cant? Provide a rationale for your answer.

4. What is the df for provider type? Provide a rationale for why the df for provider type presented in Table 2 is correct.

5. Is there a statistically signi?cant difference for practice setting between the Rapid Assessment for Adolescent Preventive Services (RAAPS) users and nonusers? Provide a rationale for your answer.

6. State the null hypothesis for provider age in years for RAAPS users and RAAPS nonusers.

7. Should the null hypothesis for provider age in years developed for Question 6 be accepted or rejected? Provide a rationale for your answer.

8. Describe at least one clinical advantage and one clinical challenge of using RAAPS as described by Darling-Fisher et al. (2014)

9. How many null hypotheses are rejected in the Darling-Fisher et al. (2014) study for the results presented in Table 2 ? Provide a rationale for your answer.

10. A statistically signi?cant difference is present between RAAPS users and RAAPS nonusers for U.S. practice region, ? 2 = 29.68. Does the ? 2 result provide the location of the difference? Provide a rationale for your answer.

HLT362 Week 5 Exercise 29 & 35 latest 2018 January

EXERCISE 29

1. If you have access to SPSS, compute the Shapiro-Wilk test of normality for the variable age (as demonstrated in Exercise 26 ). If you do not have access to SPSS, plot the frequency distributions by hand. What do the results indicate?

2. State the null hypothesis where age at enrollment is used to predict the time for completion of an RN to BSN program.

The null hypothesis is

3. What is b as computed by hand (or using SPSS)?

4. What is a as computed by hand (or using SPSS)?.

4. Write the new regression equation.

5. How would you characterize the magnitude of the obtained R 2 value? Provide a rationale for your answer.

6. How much variance in months to RN to BSN program completion is explained by knowing the student ’s enrollment age?

7. What was the correlation between the actual y values and the predicted y values using the new regression equation in the example?

8. Write your interpretation of the results as you would in an APA-formatted journal.

9. Given the results of your analyses, would you use the calculated regression equation to predict future students’ program completion time by using enrollment age as x?

EXERCISE 35

1. Do the example data in Table 35-2 meet the assumptions for the Pearson ? 2 test? Provide a rationale for your answer.

2. Compute the ? 2 test. What is the ? 2 value?

3. Is the ?2 signi?cant at ? = 0.05? Specify how you arrived at your answer.

4. If using SPSS, what is the exact likelihood of obtaining the ? 2 value at least as extreme as or as close to the one that was actually observed, assuming that the null hypothesis is true?

Using the numbers in the contingency table, calculate the percentage of antibiotic users

5. who tested positive for candiduria.

6. Using the numbers in the contingency table, calculate the percentage of non-antibiotic users who tested positive for candiduria.

7. Using the numbers in the contingency table, calculate the percentage of veterans with candiduria who had a history of antibiotic use.

8. Using the numbers in the contingency table, calculate the percentage of veterans with candiduria who had no history of antibiotic use.

9. Write your interpretation of the results as you would in an APA-formatted journal.

10. Was the sample size adequate to detect differences between the two groups in this example? Provide a rationale for your answer.