Athabasca BIO 235 - Assignment 2

Assignment 2

Weight: 5%
Minimum Pass Grade: 50%

Each question is worth 10 marks.

1. Name the type of joint, and list the movements permitted at the shoulder joint. Under each movement’s name, list the names of the muscles responsible for each of these movements along with descriptions of their bone insertion.

2. What are EPSPs and IPSPs, and how are they produced?Explain how these electrical currents are used in spatial and temporal summation to initiate or inhibit the generation of an action potential.

3. Match the items in column A with the descriptions in column B to create the BEST MATCHES.

Items in column A can be used only once when making matches to column B. There is only one correct answer for each blank space.

Column A

Column B

1. pia mater 2. denticulate ligaments 3. epidural space 4. dura mater 5. arachnoid mater 6. tract 7. nucleus 8. horn 9. nerve 10. ganglion 11. endoneurium 12. meningeal branch 13. ventral ramus 14. rami communicantes 15. dorsal ramus 16. tendon reflex 17. cranial reflex 18. spinal reflex 19. autonomic reflex 20. contralateral reflex 21. polysynaptic reflex 22. crossed extensor reflex 23. ipsilateral reflex 24. monosynaptic reflex 25. patellar reflex 26. Achilles reflex 27. Babinski sign 28. spinothalamic tract 29. vestibulospinal tract 30. corticospinal tract 31. posterior columns

branch of spinal nerve serving vertebrae; vertebral ligaments and blood vessels of the spinal cord a group of axons with common functions within the spinal cord (or brain) responsible for transmitting nerve impulses for sensing crude touch a group of cell bodies found outside the spinal cord (or brain) branch of spinal nerve serving anterior trunk and extremities composed of collagen and fine elastic fibers; highly vascular connective tissue coverings of axons within spinal nerves coordinate movements with visual stimuli extension of the leg at the knee joint in response to tappingthe patellar ligament extensions of pia mater; suspend spinal cord within vertebral canal plantar flexion of the foot in response to tapping the calcaneal tendon responsible for transmitting nerve impulses for proprioception region of gray matter in the spinal cord reflex allowing you to maintain balance when you withdraw lower limb from a painful stimulus reflex arc with more than one synapse in the CNS reflex causing muscle relaxation so that tendons will not be torn reflex in which sensory impulses enter one side of the spinal cord and motor impulses exit on the opposite side general term used for a reflex with the integration center in the brain stem space just superficial to dura mater; some anesthetics are injected into this area general term used for a reflex with integration center in the gray matter of spinal cord

4. Describe how the central nervous system is protected from injury. List the components of a spinal reflex arc. Describe the function of each component.

5. Outline the differences between a special sensory, motor and mixed cranial nerve, and briefly describe the functions of each sensory component of the cranial nerve.

6. Complete the following sentences by filling in the blanks with the correct terms or phrases.

a. The nervous system regulates involuntary actions such as muscle contraction.

b. Increased by the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system generally heart rate.

c. The first motor neuron in any autonomic motor is called a neuron.

d. The division of the autonomic nervous system is also called the craniosacral division because the cell bodies of its neurons are located in the brain stem and region of the spinal cord.

e. Parasympathetic fibers arise from the cranial and areas of the CNS.

f. Most sympathetic postganglionic fibers secrete the neurotransmitter , whereas parasympathetic postganglionic fibers secrete the neurotransmitter .

g. In syndrome, the cause for lack of sympathetic to one side of the face is located in the superior cervical ganglion.

h. The parasympathetic outflow comprises preganglionic axons that extend from the in cranial nerves III, VII, IX or X.

i. neurons release acetylcholine; they are found in the and autonomic nervous systems.

j. Nicotinic receptors bind , which always has a(n) effect at these receptors.

k. Excitation of receptors results in increased cardiac output, elevated blood pressure and breakdown of fatty acids.

l. The balance between and activity is called autonomic tone.

m. The controls the balance between sympathetic and activity.

n. Activation of the division causes a set of responses designed to protect the body from a real or perceived threat. Collectively, these responses are called the response.

o. Parasympathetic activation allows the body to process ingested food and conserve . The parasympathetic response is sometimes called the response.

p. EEG records waves in awake infants, and waves appear during stress in children.

q. The distal of an autonomic sensory neuron is a .

r. The posterior and parts of the hypothalamus control the division of the autonomic nervous system.

s. The anterior and medial parts of the control the division of the autonomic nervous system.

t. The sympathetic consist of one row on each side of the vertebral column for the sites of synapses between sympathetic preganglionic and postganglionic neurons; paravertebral innervate organs below the diaphragm.

7. Match the items in column A with the descriptions in column B.

Items in column A can be used only once when making matches to column B. There is only one correct answer for each blank space.

Column A

Column B

1. adenosine 2. anterolateralpathway 3. caffeine 4. chemoreceptor 5. consciousness 6. visceral senses 7. thermoreceptor 8. encapsulated nerve endings 9. exteroceptors 10. free nerve endings 11. general senses 12. immediate memory 13. interoceptors 14. joint kinesthetic receptors 15. kinesthesia 16. lemniscus (medial) pathway 17. learning 18. long-term memory 19. mechanoreceptor 20. medial lemniscus 21. memory consolidation 22. muscle spindles 23. nociceptor 24. NREM sleep 25. photoreceptor 26. posterior column 27. proprioception 28. proprioceptors 29. REM sleep 30. alpha motor neurons 31. sensory modality 32. short-term memory 33. somatic senses 34. special senses 35. tendon organs

formed by 1st order neurons carrying impulses for touch, pressure, conscious proprioception, and vibration conduct impulses for conscious proprioception from the limbs, trunkascend to the cerebral cortex conducts impulses for pain and temperature from neck, and posterior head ascend to the cerebral cortex detect tension on tendons; prevent tendon and muscle damage measure muscle length; prevent excessive stretching of muscle fibers receptors found in articular capsule; help limit strain on a joint receptor found in retina; detects light receptor that monitors the stretching of internal organs receptor found in the hypothalamus; detects chemicals in the nose reinforcement of a memory due to frequent recall of information allows you to remember how to ride a bike even though you haven’t done so in years type of memory students who cram for five minutes before an exam depend upon receptorslocated at body surface; detect changes in external environment receptors located in viscera, detect changes in internal environment dendrite enclosed by connective tissue covering; found in lamellated corpuscles 4 stages; controlled by hypothalamus, medulla oblongata and basal forebrain; increased levels may be stimulus to sleep state of wakefulness resulting from activation of cerebral cortex by RAS include somatic and visceral senses include vision, hearing, balance, taste and smell

8. Define and describe the relationship between sensation and perception. Explain the relationship between smell and taste, and describe how they are sensed and perceived.

9. Describe the major events involved in image formation on the retina, and list in the correct order the components of the eye that light passes through on its way to the retina. Describe the specific consequences of any abnormality or malfunctioning of each of these components.

10. List the names of the hypothalamic hormones that regulate the secretion of pituitary hormones. Describe how these hypothalamic hormones are delivered to the pituitary gland and describe the effects of these hypothalamic hormones. In addition, describe how the activities of the posterior pituitary gland are regulated by the hypothalamus.